Community
design earns a place in the growth management toolbox by creating environments
that are socially, economically and physically sustainable. To a significant extent, the spatial environment
is directed by market preferences and demands for pre-defined qualities of
life. Community design directly addresses these issues through creating not
only desirable spatial environments, but also providing for social diversity,
and economic growth. Local governments increasingly use community design as
a means to attract growth back into designated growth
areas, and promoting more sustainable development patterns. The website deals
with nine commonly used and effective community design practices which outline
the basic governing principles of community design. The following community
design principles are central to achieving objectives of growth management:
1. Promoting compact development patterns that integrate
residential, commercial, office/ industrial and recreational uses to promote
self-sufficiency in everyday requirements within pedestrian friendly communities.
Practices include mixed-use developments, new urbanism/traditional neighborhood
developments, cluster development
2. Directing growth back into urban areas, through downtown
revitalization, brownfields and infill redevelopment
3. Reducing auto traffic and promoting alternative modes
of transit that are sustainable both environmentally and economically. Practices
include primarily new urbanism and transit oriented developments.
4. Preserving the cultural heritage of a community through
practices such as historic preservation
5. Balancing economic growth with the quality of life.
This requires that localities through community design address issues pertaining
to the development of larger commercial establishments.
References: Adapted from the Ahwahnee Principles from the Center
for Livable Communities
Community Design Practices
I. Mixed Use
Definition
and Objectives:
Mixed-use zoning and land use regulations are
tools used increasingly by local governments to promote higher density and
diversity within development areas. Mixed-use
developments allow for the integration of a variety of uses such as residential,
commercial, recreational, open space within the site, at relatively higher
densities. Mixed-use communities therefore satisfy the objectives of growth
management by promoting self-sufficiency and sustainability within communities.
Self-sufficiency provides access to the basic everyday requirements
of working and shopping, and when promoted in conjunction with pedestrian
friendly communities, can result in reduction in vehicle miles traveled and
traffic congestion.
Issues
to address in Mixed use development:
1. Existing zoning and land use regulations do not actively
promote mixed-use developments.
2. Many Americans traditionally prefer single-family residential
developments to protect both property values and their sense of community.
3. Mixed-use zoning attempts to integrate land uses traditionally
separated through Euclidean zoning. While localities try to promote mixed-use
zoning, vestiges of public attachments to the past make implementation of
mixed-use zones difficult.
4. Inherent problems exist in integrating diverse uses
because they are traditionally defined as incompatible with each other.
5. Mixed-use developments are generally more expensive
than single use developments.
6. High demands on infrastructure facilities add to costs.
7. Inclusion of affordable housing that is required by
some municipalities further reduces the potential market demand for mixed-use
projects.
Examples:
Ø
Multi-Use Planned Development
Ø
Downtown, Mixed-Use Residential Development
Recommendations:
1. Existing zoning and land use regulations need to be
more flexible in encouraging mixed-use developments.
2. Because mixed-use developments are generally more expensive
than traditional single-use development projects, incentives have to be provided
by the local governments to direct mixed-use developments into designated
growth areas. Examples of incentives could be tax abatements, low interest
development loans, tax increment financing, reduction or waiver of development
fees, partnership in infrastructure development.
3. Other public sector incentives could include expediting
the development review process, assisting the developer in acquiring the required
environmental permits.
4. Local governments also need to work actively with the
developer in acquiring public support, encouraging citizen participation and
marketing the mixed-use development.
References:
Daniels, Thomas L. When City and County collide: Managing
growth in the Metropolitan Fringe. Island Press. Washington, D.C., Covelo,
CA, 1999.
Kunstler, James Howard. The Geography of Nowhere- The rise
and decline of America’s man-made landscape. NY: Simon and Schuster, 1993.
Nelson, Arthur and James B. Duncan, Clancy J. Mullen, Kirk
R. Bishop. Growth Management Principles and Practices. American Planning
Association, Illinois, 1995.
II.
Cluster Development
Definition and objectives:
Cluster Development is a growth management practice that promotes flexible
designs and directs all built elements into selected areas of a parcel.
It is a land use control device that clusters development at higher
densities on a portion of property, while allowing the remainder of the parcel
to be preserved as undeveloped, open space.
Cluster Development limits encroachment of development upon 
environmentally sensitive areas, reduces the amount of open land disturbed
by development, encourages the preservation of agricultural lands, woodlands
and open landscapes, and reduces the amount of road and utility lines to lower
the cost of housing and public services.
Links: www.unix.oit.umass.edu/%7Eruralma/LacyMarket.html#RTFToC1
Issues to address in Cluster Development:
1.
The large tract of
open space may be limited in use. For
example, only certain types of activities may be permitted or specific crops
allowed for agricultural use.
2.
Cluster- homeowners
or adjacent property owners may prevent certain farming activities in the
open tract due to nuisances, thereby causing a parcel of potentially productive
land to be ignored.
3.
Some farmland/ agricultural
regions become a series of ‘cluster developments,’ thereby reducing the number
of truly productive farms and agricultural lands.
4.
In rural areas, this
form of development, if not managed properly, could actually promote sprawl
by encouraging ‘leapfrog’ development which needs additional infrastructure
and places a financial burden on the locality.
Examples:
Ø
Residential Development Guidelines
Requiring Cluster Design
Ø
Directing All New Development Into Existing Towns
Recommendations:
1. Locality should take a proactive role in working with
the landowners of agricultural and forested lands prior to development pressures.
2. Cluster development should be ‘mapped and planned’ in
order to promote an open space network preserved natural and/or agricultural
areas.
3. Streamline approval process and publish ‘model’ zoning
provisions, which can be used by adjacent towns within the county.
4. In order for farmlands to remain intact (to sustain
economical farming practices), parcels can be leased or sold to only a few
potential homeowners- rather than divided into numerous 5 or 10-acre lots,
allowing a larger portion to remain a productive agricultural tract.
5. Establish guidelines that expressly state activities
that are allowed or prohibited on the preserved tract.
References:
Arendt, Randall. Conservation Design for Subdivisions: A
Pratical Guide to Creating Open Space Networks. Island Press, Washington,
D.C, 1996.
Mantell, Michael and Stephen Harper, Luther Propst. Resource
Guide for Creating Successful Communities. Island Press, Washington, DC.
1990.
Nelson, Arthur C. and James B. Duncan, Clancy J. Mullen, Kirk
R. Bishop. Growth Management Principles and Practices. American Planning
Association, Illinois, 1995.
Porter, Douglas R. Managing Growth in America’s Communities.
Island Press, Washington DC. 1997.
Sierra Business Council. Planning for Prosperity: Building
Successful Communities in the Sierra Nevada. Sierra Business Council.
California, 1997.
Yaro Robert D, Arendt, Dodson, and Brabec. Dealing with
Change in the Connecticut
River Valley: A Design Manual for Conservation and Development. Lincoln
Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge MA.
III.
New Urbanism/ Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND)
Definition and objectives:
New Urbanism or Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) is an emerging
set of planning guidelines intended as a new planning model for residential
and commercial development that promotes many growth management practices.
TNDs 
are built at a neighborhood scale or larger, focus on the pedestrian, and
include a mix of land uses and housing types.
The design promotes compact, interconnected streets in a grid pattern,
a clearly defined center, and neighborhoods that are oriented towards public transit 
systems. Additional elements of
TNDs include: definable social spaces, moderate- density housing, a layout that de-emphasizes the automobile, and community facilities that identify
the neighborhood and foster resident interaction.
Links: www.cnu.org, www.lincolninst.edu/landline/1996/septembr/newurb2.html,
www.sprawlwatch.org/communitydesign.html, www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/resources/Challenge/livable.asp
Issues to address in New Urbanism/TND:
1. Developers create TNDs in a location which is removed
from the urban center and from adequate public facilities, thereby facilitating
‘leapfrog’ development
2. Zoning ordinances throughout the nation prohibit mixed
uses and other design elements crucial to a successful TND.
3. TNDs often use a builder who designs custom homes which
are unaffordable for many families. Thus,
finding TNDs that are affordable for all income levels can prove difficult.
4. Securing financing for innovative TNDs may be more difficult
than obtaining financing for conventional suburban developments.
5. Many Americans still desire several of the qualities
found in a conventional suburban layout: large lots, privacy, cul-de-sacs,
etc.
6. TND design principles often conflict with the current
‘big box’ retailers and modern corporate office buildings.
Examples:
Ø
Sustainable Planned Development
Ø
Leading
Example of Traditional Neighborhood Development
Ø
Town Planning Based on Principles of New Urbanism and
Traditional Neighborhood Development
Recommendations:
1.
TNDs should be built within
or adjacent to the urban core, because higher densities and an established
market of mixed uses in these locations would increase the likelihood of approval
by lenders.
2.
Production builders should strive
to provide affordable housing and lower construction costs.
3.
Localities must amend current
regulatory practices, which inhibit mixed uses, increased densities and other
modifications needed in a TND.
4.
Localities, when amending ordinances
and during the approval process, should work with developers to create retail
centers which accommodate both the auto and the pedestrian, perhaps through
orientation and scale, and incorporate ‘big box’ retail into pedestrian- friendly
commercial areas.
References:
Publication: New Urban News, Volume 4, Number 5. September-
October 1999.
Fulton, William. The New Urbanism: Hope or Hype for American
Communities. Lincoln Institute of Land
Policy, Massachusetts. 1996.
Kunstler, James Howard. The Geography of Nowhere. Simon
and Schuster, New York. 1993
Nelson, Arthur C. and James B. Duncan, Clancy J. Mullen, Kirk
R. Bishop. Growth Management Principles and Practices. American Planning
Association, Illinois, 1995.
Roseland, Mark. Toward Sustainable Communities: Resources
for Citizens and their Governments.. New Society Publishers, Canada. 1998.
IV.
Transit- Oriented Development (TOD)
Definition and Objectives:
In Transit- Oriented Development (TOD), moderate- to
high- density housing, along with complementary public uses, jobs, retail
and services, are concentrated in mixed- use developments with access to a
regional transit system. This contemporary
growth management strategy emphasizes a ‘walkable environment’ 
by
implementing higher density and mixed developments that are accessible by
foot, bicycle and transit. All transit
stations should be integrated on a regional basis, thus ordering growth across
metropolitan regions and encouraging infill and redevelopment efforts. TODs place community, housing, employment and
civic uses within a 5- 
minute
walking distance of transit stops, provide a mix of housing types, densities
and costs and create pedestrian- friendly street networks.
This concept utilizes public space to initiate neighborhood activity,
is less auto- dominated, reduces the negative environmental effects of development
and 
creates
more livable communities.
Links: www.lgc.org/clc/library/articles/archives/art1_1.html,
www.crest.org/efficiency/nrdc/mobility/sprawl.html
Issues to address in Transit Oriented Developments:
1. Americans are auto- dependent and current government
funding is directed at auto- related initiatives: improved and enlarged highways,
reduced gas costs, etc.
2. Current zoning practices throughout the nation inhibit
the development of transit- oriented projects.
3. Current land use designations have created a spatial
mismatch between jobs and housing in many metropolitan areas.
4. Urban areas are viewed as ‘undesirable environments’
to potential developers and homeowners.
Examples:
Ø
Joint-Venture Transit Oriented Development
Ø
Pedestrian Oriented Community Adjacent
to Caltrain Commuter Station
Recommendations:
1. Modify zoning to allow for mixed uses and other design
criteria of TODs.
2. A locality must create design guidelines which promote
‘human scale’ and a ‘neighborhood focus’ rather than auto- dependence.
3. Developers must ensure a mix of housing types, densities,
ownership patterns and prices to provide affordable housing and to instill
an active community presence.
4. To ensure that a TOD is planned in a coordinated manner,
a single ‘Specified Area Plan’ should be developed by the locality.
This expedites the development process and allows land use issues to
be addressed across property lines.
5. Localities should promote TODs at infill sites to promote
urban and suburban redevelopment, utilizing surrounding uses and existing
infrastructure, and lowering costs for the developer and locality.
References:
Calthorpe, Peter, The Next American Metropolis: Ecology,
Community, and the American Dream. Princeton Architectural Press, New
York, 1993.
Hanson, Susan (ed.). The Geography of Urban Transportation.
The Guilford Press, New York. 1995.
Kelbaugh, Doug. The Pedestrian Pocket Book: A New Suburban
Design Strategy. Princeton Architectural Press. New Jersey 1989.
V.
Downtown Revitalization
Definitions and
Objectives:
The downtown is often the heart and soul of
a community or city. Downtowns lure
people to work, shop, eat, and be entertained, and provides an opportune place
for business and real estate investment.
Since the 1950’s, many people have chosen 
to move out of the urban areas and into the
suburbs. Soon after, the businesses
relocated near the suburbs to gain a competitive edge on the market.
As a cumulative result, downtowns began to decline.
Downtown revitalization is the effort to restore the downtown to a
vibrant, active, and attractive place. Downtown
revitalization is an important component of Growth Management because it helps
focus the community’s development initiatives on the existing fabric of the
town or city rather than focusing on undeveloped land.
Economically strong downtowns are critical
to the health and well-being of communities.
They are the natural location for businesses and other uses that 
together constitute the diverse fabric of communities
that contribute to the quality of life. Downtowns
represent a long-term investment of public and private infrastructure. They enable residents and visitors to access
services with minimal transportation. Scenic
and historic downtowns attract visitors who contribute to the economic viability
of the community.
Issues that make Downtown Revitalization Difficult:
1.
Highway bypasses that go around
a town or city take potential economic benefits with them.
2. Subsidies for sprawl-type development in outlying areas
take money away from improving the existing city.
3. Rigid regulations that do not allow for mixed-use development
make downtown revitalization difficult.
4. Auto-dependent downtowns that do not allow for multiple
modes of transportation, make the
areas inaccessible for some and prohibit them from the benefits of jobs, retail,
and commercial activities located in the downtown.
5. New developments in the suburbs attract people who are
not satisfied with the current state of their community.
Examples:
Ø
The
National Main Street Program
Ø
Wisconsin’s Main Street Program
Ø New Hampshire’s Main Street
Program
Ø
Plymouth, New Hampshire’s Main
Street Program
Recommendations:
1. Localities should realize the social, economic, and
environmental benefits that can be gained in revitalizing their downtowns. The state of Virginia is a member of the National
Main Street Program, and can be accessed at their website: http://www.dhcd.state.va.us/mainst.html
2. Generating community support and activism is key to
the success of the program. Localities
should involve citizens, business owners, and decision makers in the downtown
revitalization process early.
3. Localities should promote mixed-use zoning in the downtown
in order to accommodate retail, office, and living accommodations in a more
compact form.
4. Tax incentives should promote downtown revitalization
and discourage sprawling development away from the downtown.
VI.
Brownfields
Definition and Objectives:
Brownfields is a term used to define sites
that are under-utilized or not in active use and encompass inner city industrial
sites, and other abandoned, contaminated sites. 
The sites are not considered feasible for development
for, physical, social/cultural, economical, or political reasons.
As the sites remain idle or under utilized they do not generate benefits
to either the public sector in terms of tax revenues, or the 
public sector in terms of community benefits,
economic development etc. Brownfields redevelopment projects attempt primarily
to encourage the recycling of these sites and promote redevelopment through
encouraging public/private investments. Brownfield redevelopment efforts meet
growth management objectives through promoting development within the existing
urban fabric.
Issues to address in Brownfields development:
1. High clean up costs associated with Brownfield developement
sites discourages potential developers and public/private sector investment.
2. Acquisition of environmental permits and preparation
of Environmental Impact Reports and impact assessment statements as a prerequisite
to development deters potential developers.
3. Lenders and financial institutions are often wary of
financing redevelopment schemes on brownfields because of potential future
liability associated with clean up of contaminated sites, and risks associated
with foreclosure.
4. Clean up requirements imposed by the State and Federal
governments are often rigid and unwarranted for most uses.
5. The unintended consequences of legislation aimed at
protecting the environment also need to be considered. The Environmental Clean up and Reclamation
Act (ECRA), has stopped redevelopment activity in New Jersey by requiring
developers to bear the costs of cleaning up and disposing the contaminants/wastes
from redeveloped brownfield sites.
6. Brownfield sites located within urban areas are generally
more expensive than vacant sites and greenfields in rural areas and suburbs.
This, coupled with easier development review processes for green sites make
brownfields development financially unattractive to potential developers.
7. Integrating private investment with public sector incentive
programs is a largely untapped tool for brownfield redevelopment.
Examples:
Ø
Knoxville Center City Business Park
Redevelopment Project, Tennessee
Ø
Extensive Brownfield Redvelopment Projects
Ø
Utilizing the Pilot EPA Brownfields
Assesment Demonstration Program
Ø
Chicago’s Brownfield Sites Program
Ø
“Toolkit” for Brownfields Redevelopment
Recommendations:
1. Address rigid federal and state legislation/ policies
on brownfield redevelopment
2. Explore avenues to make EPA’ standards and regulations
more supportive to brownfields redevelopment
3. Incorporate standards for acceptable levels of clean
up for its proposed use (residential, commercial, industrial)
4. Encourage voluntary clean up from both the public and
private sector
5. Provide clear site titles
6. Expedite permitting process
7. Exempt purchasers from liability if they do not contribute
to the pollution
8. Create a Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund, that can be
used to supplement clean up costs
9. Explore avenues to integrate Environmental Permitting
processes with development approval from local planning boards
10. Provide tax incentives, such as tax abatements and tax
increment financing to developers redeveloping brownfields sites
Links:
Section of the EPA’ website dealing with brownfields development and pilot
case studies
http://www.epa.gov/swerops/ej/html-doc/appb.htm
References:
Diamond, Henry L. and Noonan, Partick F. Land Use in America.
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Island Press, 1996.
Nelson, Arthur C. and Duncan, James B. Growth Management:
Principles and Practice. American Planning Association, Illinois, 1995.
VII.
Infill and Redevelopment
Definition and Objectives:
Urban Infill communities are essentially mixed
use, high intensity developments that try to reduce auto dependency. Infill
projects target vacant, under utilized sites within designated growth/urban
areas and outline strategies to promote higher densities of development within
these sites. Programs are often associated with redevelopment and brownfields
recycling schemes and achieve growth management goals by promoting urban containment,
and channeling growth and development into existing urban areas. Infill development
promoted as part of a comprehensive urban containment program can help preserve
environmentally sensitive lands, rural areas, natural resources such as agricultural/farmlands,
forest reserves. Efficient infill strategies must ensure the vitality of urban
developments while assessing and promoting their ability to both sustain and
attract sufficient market demand, required to make these projects economically
feasible. Infill communities may be built on areas as small as 10 acres, as
in the case of Riverplace, Portland, OR. Infill communities are often located
within inner city areas, near downtowns and high employment centers, either
dependent on surrounding land uses and viewed as tools for downtown revitalization,
or designed as relatively self-sufficient communities.
Issues to address in Infill development:
1. Euclidean zoning practices limit possibilities for infill
development.
2. Surrounding communities may not view infill developments
favorably fearing that the high demand infill projects place on infrastructure
may increase property taxes.
3. High densities associated with infill developments are
perceived as negatively affecting the character of surrounding relatively
low density development and reducing property values.
4. High-density infill projects are often viewed as elements
which contribute to increasing congestion within urban areas and environmental
degradation.
5. Most vacant or under utilized sites within urban areas
are too small with fragmented ownership, to make infill projects financially
feasible.
6. Infill projects are generally more expensive than low-density
development in vacant/greenfield sites in rural or suburban locations.
7. Private lending institutions and commercial banks do
not view infill schemes favorably, due to high liabilities associated with
these front loaded projects.
8. Markets for infill developments are limited to isolated/small
sectors within the market, with the American dream largely still perceived
as owning large lot single-family residences in the suburbs.
Examples:
The states of Colorado and
Florida have integrated their infill development strategies with the provision
of affordable housing for low- to moderate- income families. Missouri has
similarly integrated its infill and redevelopment program with Urban Renewal
and downtown revitalization efforts.
Ø
Addressing the Shortage of Low to
Moderate Income Housing
Recommendations:
1. Public private partnerships are essential to promote
infill development projects.
2. Support of neighborhood preservation groups, citizen
activists gunning for property taxes must be actively solicited.
3. Flexible zoning provisions are required to foster infill
development, especially in overcoming site constraints
4. Development of adequate public facilities is critical
to large-scale infill and redevelopment schemes. This includes assessment
of traffic impacts and demand for schools, water and sewer facilities, etc..
5. Reduction of or waiver of development fees, public financial
assistance through tax abatements, tax increment financing, etc. may help
promote infill and other redevelopment projects.
6. The largest obstacle to infill development schemes aimed
at urban containment is the lack of regional cooperation, especially between
the central cities and surrounding suburbs. These issues need therefore to
be addressed at larger forums, and promote active participation at different
levels.
References:
Nelson, Arthur C. and Duncan, James B. Growth Management
Principles and Practices. American Planning Association. Chicago, Illinois.
1995.
DeGrove, John M. Planning and Growth Management in the States,
the New York Frontier for Land Policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Lincoln
Institute of Land Policy, 1992.
Building on the Blueprint, How Virginia Communities are Implementing
Sustainable Development. Environmental Law Institute, 1995.
VIII.
Design of Commercial Developments
Definition and Objectives:
One
of the major indicators of sprawl is the unattractive commercial strip-developments
that consume large amounts of land. Miles of strip development produce an auto-dependent
society where people must drive to each stop they make, further increasing
traffic congestion and pollution. Planned
and rejuvenated commercial areas can promote a more compact, aesthetically
pleasing form that can be accessed by multiple modes of transportation.
Issues in Commercial Development:
1. Unplanned, uncoordinated growth induces sprawl and forces
people to drive to each destination, thus generating traffic congestion.
2. Inflexible zoning that does not allow for mixed-use
segregates different but compatible uses.
3. Tax incentives to continue building further out take
money from improving or developing in existing commercial areas.
4. Undeveloped land is often cheaper than land available
in existing commercial areas.
Examples:
Ø
Montgomery County Density Incentives
Recommendations:
1. Communities should identify those commercial areas that
are experiencing economic decline, traffic congestion, and/or neighborhood
deterioration. Measures to rejuvenate
these areas should be explored and become a part of the comprehensive plan.
2. Localities should provide reasonable incentives for
increasing bonuses that will not attract controversy.
3. Community support and activism is an important part
in ensuring the success.
Reference:
Porter, Douglas. Managing
Growth in America’s Communities. Island
Press. 1997.
IX.
Historic Preservation
Definition and Objectives:
Historic Preservation is a major component
in preserving the character and charm of many communities. Historic Preservation helps to focus growth
and development around existing developed areas and promotes the community's
sense of pride. Many towns and cities
have recognized that their distinct charm attracts new business and tourists,
both of which contribute significantly to the local economy.
Issues in Historic Preservation:
1. Financing the repair of historic buildings.
2. Many buildings are in severe disrepair.
3. "Demolition by Neglect": Strict Historical Preservation guidelines may
actually promote the deterioration and ultimate demolition of historic buildings
(Beaumont, 33).
4. "Owner Consent" provisions raise serious due
process and equal protection concerns.
5. Listing buildings on the National Register of Historic
Places does not protect that building from demolition, it only gives governments
and owners advanced notice of the possibility of demolotion.
6. The review process for changes to historic structures
does cost time and money and opens the possibilities for litigation and associated
additional delays and costs (Porter, 169).
Examples:
Ø
Maryland, Detailed State Enabling Law
Ø North Carolina’s Demolition
Delay Provision
Ø
Coordination between Land-Use and Historic
Preservation
Ø
Staunton
Virginia Historic Residential District
Recommendations:
1. Localities should consider incorporating Historic Preservation
elements into their comprehensive plan. If a designated historic district
is in existence, the guidelines should act as a technical service as well,
so that improvements or changes made to the structure reflect that structure’s
original character.
2. State and Local historic preservation ordinances should
be flexible and have “safety valves” to avoid legal challenges.
3. Ordinances should address the preservation of the structure
and the preservation of the setting upon which the structure rests.
Link:
References:
Porter, Douglas. Managing
Growth in America’s Communities. Island
Press. 1997.
Beaumont, Constance. Smart
States, Better Communities: How state
governments can help citizens preserve their communities. National Trust for Historic Preservation.
1996.
Additional Resources
Main Street Program: http://www.mainst.org/
Virginia’s Main Street Program: http://www.dhcd.state.va.us/mainst.html
Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin: http://www.sheboyganfalls.org/
Plymouth, New Hampshire: http://www.plymouthinteract.com/mainstreetinc.html
New Hampshire Main Street Center: http://www.nhcdfa.org/mainstreet.html
Raleigh, NC Comprehensive Plan: http://www.raleigh-nc.org/planning/text/areaplans/aps-cmpl.htm
Montgomery County, Maryland: http://www.clark.net/pub/mncppc/montgom/planning/70years/70years.htm
Maryland Historic Trust: http://www.ari.net/mdshpo/xaboutmh.html
Preserving Maryland’s History and Culture: http://www.dhcd.state.md.us/hist.htm
Camden Yards photoshttp://users.erols.com/ours/cam2.htm:
http://users.erols.com/ours/cam2.htm
Albemarle County Historic Preservation Plan: http://avenue.albemarle.org/histplan.html
Staunton, VA Residential Historic Preservation District Guidelines:
http://www.staunton.va.us/cityhall/histdist/hdres1.htm
National Trust for Historic Preservation: http://www.nationaltrust.org/
Beaumont, Constance. Smart
States, Better Communities: How state
governments can help citizens
preserve their communities. National Trust for Historic Preservation. 1996.
Porter, Douglas. Managing
Growth in America’s Communities. Island
Press. 1997.